Heart autopsy - Revision history

Mikael Häggström: Sized

2022-06-23T21:30:18Z

Sized

← Older revision		Revision as of 17:30, 23 June 2022
Line 35:		Line 35:

	Estimate the percentage of any significant stenosis or occlusion. {{Further\|Arteries\|linebreak=no}}		Estimate the percentage of any significant stenosis or occlusion. {{Further\|Arteries\|linebreak=no}}
	<gallery mode=packed>		<gallery mode=packed heights=200>
	File:Plaque at different degrees of atherosclerotic stenosis.jpg\|Plaque at different percentages of atherosclerotic stenosis.<ref name="MichaudBasso2019"/>		File:Plaque at different degrees of atherosclerotic stenosis.jpg\|Plaque at different percentages of atherosclerotic stenosis.<ref name="MichaudBasso2019"/>
	</gallery>		</gallery>
Line 42:		Line 42:
	==Weight==		==Weight==
	Cardiomegaly can be defined as a weight exceeding the 95th percentile of normal individuals, preferably adjusted for weight, size, age and gender.<ref>{{cite web\|url=https://labs.feinberg.northwestern.edu/webster/heart_weight/\|title=Chicago model for post-mortem classification of cardiomegaly\|website=Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine\|accessdate=2020-01-15}}</ref><ref name=chicago group=note>External link: [https://labs.feinberg.northwestern.edu/webster/heart_weight/ Chicago model for post-mortem classification of cardiomegaly], adjusted for weight, size, age and gender.</ref>		Cardiomegaly can be defined as a weight exceeding the 95th percentile of normal individuals, preferably adjusted for weight, size, age and gender.<ref>{{cite web\|url=https://labs.feinberg.northwestern.edu/webster/heart_weight/\|title=Chicago model for post-mortem classification of cardiomegaly\|website=Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine\|accessdate=2020-01-15}}</ref><ref name=chicago group=note>External link: [https://labs.feinberg.northwestern.edu/webster/heart_weight/ Chicago model for post-mortem classification of cardiomegaly], adjusted for weight, size, age and gender.</ref>
	[[File:Weight of heart versus body.jpg\|thumb\|center\|Weight of heart versus body.<ref name="KumarLiestøl2014">{{cite journal\|last1=Kumar\|first1=Neena Theresa\|last2=Liestøl\|first2=Knut\|last3=Løberg\|first3=Else Marit\|last4=Reims\|first4=Henrik Mikael\|last5=Mæhlen\|first5=Jan\|title=Postmortem heart weight: relation to body size and effects of cardiovascular disease and cancer\|journal=Cardiovascular Pathology\|volume=23\|issue=1\|year=2014\|pages=5–11\|issn=10548807\|doi=10.1016/j.carpath.2013.09.001}}</ref><ref name=chicago group=note/>]]		[[File:Weight of heart versus body.jpg\|thumb\|center\|300px\|Weight of heart versus body.<ref name="KumarLiestøl2014">{{cite journal\|last1=Kumar\|first1=Neena Theresa\|last2=Liestøl\|first2=Knut\|last3=Løberg\|first3=Else Marit\|last4=Reims\|first4=Henrik Mikael\|last5=Mæhlen\|first5=Jan\|title=Postmortem heart weight: relation to body size and effects of cardiovascular disease and cancer\|journal=Cardiovascular Pathology\|volume=23\|issue=1\|year=2014\|pages=5–11\|issn=10548807\|doi=10.1016/j.carpath.2013.09.001}}</ref><ref name=chicago group=note/>]]

	==Microscopic examination==		==Microscopic examination==
Line 48:		Line 48:
	Look for:		Look for:
	*Signs of myocardial infarction<noinclude>:		*Signs of myocardial infarction<noinclude>:
	<gallery>		<gallery mode=packed heights=200>
	File:Histopathology of myofiber waviness in myocardial infarction.jpg\|Streched/wavy fibres		File:Histopathology of myofiber waviness in myocardial infarction.jpg\|Streched/wavy fibres
	File:Histopathology of hypereosinophilia and coagulative necrosis of cardiomyocytes.jpg\|Coagulative necrosis: ‘hypereosinophilia’		File:Histopathology of hypereosinophilia and coagulative necrosis of cardiomyocytes.jpg\|Coagulative necrosis: ‘hypereosinophilia’
Line 60:		Line 60:
	If one or more is present, see '''[[Autopsy of myocardial infarction]]'''		If one or more is present, see '''[[Autopsy of myocardial infarction]]'''
	*{{Moderate-begin}}Optionally, also look for:{{Moderate-end}}		*{{Moderate-begin}}Optionally, also look for:{{Moderate-end}}
	<gallery>		<gallery mode=packed heights=200>>
	File:Histopathology of ruptured intercalated discs.jpg\|Ruptured intercalated discs. {{Further\|Ruptured intercalated discs\|linebreak=no}}		File:Histopathology of ruptured intercalated discs.jpg\|Ruptured intercalated discs. {{Further\|Ruptured intercalated discs\|linebreak=no}}
	File:Histopathology of mitral valve with myxomatous degeneration, annotated.jpg\|Myxomatous degeneration of valves.		File:Histopathology of mitral valve with myxomatous degeneration, annotated.jpg\|Myxomatous degeneration of valves.

Mikael Häggström: note

2022-06-22T12:59:43Z

note

← Older revision		Revision as of 08:59, 22 June 2022
Line 10:		Line 10:
	In case of suspected infarction, see '''[[autopsy of myocardial infarction]]'''.		In case of suspected infarction, see '''[[autopsy of myocardial infarction]]'''.

	For left and right wall thickness, uppr limits of 1.5 cm and 0.5 cm, respectively, are generally used to distinguish wall thickening on autopsy.<ref name="Sant’Annade Mello2012">{{cite journal\|last1=Sant’Anna\|first1=Mirella Pessoa\|last2=de Mello\|first2=Roberto José Vieira\|last3=Montenegro\|first3=Luciano Tavares\|last4=Araújo\|first4=Mônica Modesto\|title=Hipertrofia cardíaca esquerda e direita em necropsias de hipertensos\|journal=Revista da Associação Médica Brasileira\|volume=58\|issue=1\|year=2012\|pages=41–47\|issn=01044230\|doi=10.1590/S0104-42302012000100013}}</ref><ref group=~~notes~~>The limit is different from those measured in life by medical imaging, because the left ventricular thicknesses are generally 3-5 mm thicker at autopsy than during life. In comparison, the average thickness of the left ventricle is up to 8 mm in women and 9 mm in men on MRI, using the 95% prediction interval for the short axis images at the mid-cavity level.<br>- {{cite journal\|last1=Kawel\|first1=Nadine\|last2=Turkbey\|first2=Evrim B.\|last3=Carr\|first3=J. Jeffrey\|last4=Eng\|first4=John\|last5=Gomes\|first5=Antoinette S.\|last6=Hundley\|first6=W. Gregory\|last7=Johnson\|first7=Craig\|last8=Masri\|first8=Sofia C.\|last9=Prince\|first9=Martin R.\|last10=van der Geest\|first10=Rob J.\|last11=Lima\|first11=João A.C.\|last12=Bluemke\|first12=David A.\|title=Normal Left Ventricular Myocardial Thickness for Middle-Aged and Older Subjects With Steady-State Free Precession Cardiac Magnetic Resonance\|journal=Circulation: Cardiovascular Imaging\|volume=5\|issue=4\|year=2012\|pages=500–508\|issn=1941-9651\|doi=10.1161/CIRCIMAGING.112.973560}}</ref>		For left and right wall thickness, uppr limits of 1.5 cm and 0.5 cm, respectively, are generally used to distinguish wall thickening on autopsy.<ref name="Sant’Annade Mello2012">{{cite journal\|last1=Sant’Anna\|first1=Mirella Pessoa\|last2=de Mello\|first2=Roberto José Vieira\|last3=Montenegro\|first3=Luciano Tavares\|last4=Araújo\|first4=Mônica Modesto\|title=Hipertrofia cardíaca esquerda e direita em necropsias de hipertensos\|journal=Revista da Associação Médica Brasileira\|volume=58\|issue=1\|year=2012\|pages=41–47\|issn=01044230\|doi=10.1590/S0104-42302012000100013}}</ref><ref group=note>The limit is different from those measured in life by medical imaging, because the left ventricular thicknesses are generally 3-5 mm thicker at autopsy than during life. In comparison, the average thickness of the left ventricle is up to 8 mm in women and 9 mm in men on MRI, using the 95% prediction interval for the short axis images at the mid-cavity level.<br>- {{cite journal\|last1=Kawel\|first1=Nadine\|last2=Turkbey\|first2=Evrim B.\|last3=Carr\|first3=J. Jeffrey\|last4=Eng\|first4=John\|last5=Gomes\|first5=Antoinette S.\|last6=Hundley\|first6=W. Gregory\|last7=Johnson\|first7=Craig\|last8=Masri\|first8=Sofia C.\|last9=Prince\|first9=Martin R.\|last10=van der Geest\|first10=Rob J.\|last11=Lima\|first11=João A.C.\|last12=Bluemke\|first12=David A.\|title=Normal Left Ventricular Myocardial Thickness for Middle-Aged and Older Subjects With Steady-State Free Precession Cardiac Magnetic Resonance\|journal=Circulation: Cardiovascular Imaging\|volume=5\|issue=4\|year=2012\|pages=500–508\|issn=1941-9651\|doi=10.1161/CIRCIMAGING.112.973560}}</ref>
	<gallery heights=190 widths=350px>		<gallery heights=190 widths=350px>
	File:Gross pathology of papillary muscle infarction.jpg\|Circumferential slice of left ventricle, showing a fresh papillary muscle '''infarction'''.		File:Gross pathology of papillary muscle infarction.jpg\|Circumferential slice of left ventricle, showing a fresh papillary muscle '''infarction'''.

Mikael Häggström: Note

2022-06-21T18:15:02Z

Note

← Older revision		Revision as of 14:15, 21 June 2022
Line 41:		Line 41:

	==Weight==		==Weight==
	Cardiomegaly can be defined as a weight exceeding the 95th percentile of normal individuals, preferably adjusted for weight, size, age and gender.<ref>{{cite web\|url=https://labs.feinberg.northwestern.edu/webster/heart_weight/\|title=Chicago model for post-mortem classification of cardiomegaly\|website=Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine\|accessdate=2020-01-15}}</ref><ref name=chicago group=~~notes~~>External link: [https://labs.feinberg.northwestern.edu/webster/heart_weight/ Chicago model for post-mortem classification of cardiomegaly], adjusted for weight, size, age and gender.</ref>		Cardiomegaly can be defined as a weight exceeding the 95th percentile of normal individuals, preferably adjusted for weight, size, age and gender.<ref>{{cite web\|url=https://labs.feinberg.northwestern.edu/webster/heart_weight/\|title=Chicago model for post-mortem classification of cardiomegaly\|website=Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine\|accessdate=2020-01-15}}</ref><ref name=chicago group=note>External link: [https://labs.feinberg.northwestern.edu/webster/heart_weight/ Chicago model for post-mortem classification of cardiomegaly], adjusted for weight, size, age and gender.</ref>
	[[File:Weight of heart versus body.jpg\|thumb\|center\|Weight of heart versus body.<ref name="KumarLiestøl2014">{{cite journal\|last1=Kumar\|first1=Neena Theresa\|last2=Liestøl\|first2=Knut\|last3=Løberg\|first3=Else Marit\|last4=Reims\|first4=Henrik Mikael\|last5=Mæhlen\|first5=Jan\|title=Postmortem heart weight: relation to body size and effects of cardiovascular disease and cancer\|journal=Cardiovascular Pathology\|volume=23\|issue=1\|year=2014\|pages=5–11\|issn=10548807\|doi=10.1016/j.carpath.2013.09.001}}</ref><ref name=chicago group=~~notes~~/>]]		[[File:Weight of heart versus body.jpg\|thumb\|center\|Weight of heart versus body.<ref name="KumarLiestøl2014">{{cite journal\|last1=Kumar\|first1=Neena Theresa\|last2=Liestøl\|first2=Knut\|last3=Løberg\|first3=Else Marit\|last4=Reims\|first4=Henrik Mikael\|last5=Mæhlen\|first5=Jan\|title=Postmortem heart weight: relation to body size and effects of cardiovascular disease and cancer\|journal=Cardiovascular Pathology\|volume=23\|issue=1\|year=2014\|pages=5–11\|issn=10548807\|doi=10.1016/j.carpath.2013.09.001}}</ref><ref name=chicago group=note/>]]

	==Microscopic examination==		==Microscopic examination==

Mikael Häggström:

2022-06-19T04:05:58Z

</noinclude>

← Older revision		Revision as of 00:05, 19 June 2022
Line 1:		Line 1:
	{{Top		<noinclude>{{Top
	\|author1=[[User:Mikael Häggström\|Mikael Häggström]]		\|author1=[[User:Mikael Häggström\|Mikael Häggström]]
	\|author2=		\|author2=
	}}		}}
	'''[[Autopsy]]''' of the '''[[heart]]''':		'''[[Autopsy]]''' of the '''[[heart]]''':
	{{Autopsy - comprehensiveness\|otherlegend=yes}}		{{Autopsy - comprehensiveness\|otherlegend=yes}}</noinclude>
	{{Heart - standard autopsy cutting\|coronary note= ''More details in section below.''\|header=		{{Heart - standard autopsy cutting\|coronary note= ''More details in section below.''\|header=
	==Autopsy cutting checklist==		==Autopsy cutting checklist==

Mikael Häggström: /* Microscopic examination */ noinclude

2022-04-23T19:49:51Z

Microscopic examination: noinclude

← Older revision		Revision as of 15:49, 23 April 2022
Line 47:		Line 47:
	===Myocardium===		===Myocardium===
	Look for:		Look for:
	*Signs of myocardial infarction:		*Signs of myocardial infarction<noinclude>:
	<gallery>		<gallery>
	File:Histopathology of myofiber waviness in myocardial infarction.jpg\|Streched/wavy fibres		File:Histopathology of myofiber waviness in myocardial infarction.jpg\|Streched/wavy fibres
Line 57:		Line 57:
	File:Histopathology of fibroblast proliferation and early collagen deposition in myocardial infarction.jpg\|Fibroblast and young collagen		File:Histopathology of fibroblast proliferation and early collagen deposition in myocardial infarction.jpg\|Fibroblast and young collagen
	File:Histopathology of dense fibrous scar replacing myocyte loss in myocardial infarction.jpg\|Fibrosis. {{further\|Myocardial fibrosis\|linebreak=no}}		File:Histopathology of dense fibrous scar replacing myocyte loss in myocardial infarction.jpg\|Fibrosis. {{further\|Myocardial fibrosis\|linebreak=no}}
	</gallery>		</gallery></noinclude>
	If one or more is present, see '''[[Autopsy of myocardial infarction]]'''		If one or more is present, see '''[[Autopsy of myocardial infarction]]'''
	*{{Moderate-begin}}Optionally, also look for:{{Moderate-end}}		*{{Moderate-begin}}Optionally, also look for:{{Moderate-end}}

Mikael Häggström: +Limits

2021-05-05T23:43:28Z

+Limits

← Older revision		Revision as of 19:43, 5 May 2021
Line 10:		Line 10:
	In case of suspected infarction, see '''[[autopsy of myocardial infarction]]'''.		In case of suspected infarction, see '''[[autopsy of myocardial infarction]]'''.

	For left ~~ventricular~~ wall thickness, ~~an arbitrary limit~~ of ~~15 mm is sometimes~~ used to distinguish ~~normal from~~ wall thickening.<ref group=notes>The limit is different from those measured in life by medical imaging, because the left ventricular thicknesses are generally 3-5 mm thicker at autopsy than during life. In comparison, the average thickness of the left ventricle is up to 8 mm in women and 9 mm in men on MRI, using the 95% prediction interval for the short axis images at the mid-cavity level.<br>- {{cite journal\|last1=Kawel\|first1=Nadine\|last2=Turkbey\|first2=Evrim B.\|last3=Carr\|first3=J. Jeffrey\|last4=Eng\|first4=John\|last5=Gomes\|first5=Antoinette S.\|last6=Hundley\|first6=W. Gregory\|last7=Johnson\|first7=Craig\|last8=Masri\|first8=Sofia C.\|last9=Prince\|first9=Martin R.\|last10=van der Geest\|first10=Rob J.\|last11=Lima\|first11=João A.C.\|last12=Bluemke\|first12=David A.\|title=Normal Left Ventricular Myocardial Thickness for Middle-Aged and Older Subjects With Steady-State Free Precession Cardiac Magnetic Resonance\|journal=Circulation: Cardiovascular Imaging\|volume=5\|issue=4\|year=2012\|pages=500–508\|issn=1941-9651\|doi=10.1161/CIRCIMAGING.112.973560}}</ref>		For left and right wall thickness, uppr limits of 1.5 cm and 0.5 cm, respectively, are generally used to distinguish wall thickening on autopsy.<ref name="Sant’Annade Mello2012">{{cite journal\|last1=Sant’Anna\|first1=Mirella Pessoa\|last2=de Mello\|first2=Roberto José Vieira\|last3=Montenegro\|first3=Luciano Tavares\|last4=Araújo\|first4=Mônica Modesto\|title=Hipertrofia cardíaca esquerda e direita em necropsias de hipertensos\|journal=Revista da Associação Médica Brasileira\|volume=58\|issue=1\|year=2012\|pages=41–47\|issn=01044230\|doi=10.1590/S0104-42302012000100013}}</ref><ref group=notes>The limit is different from those measured in life by medical imaging, because the left ventricular thicknesses are generally 3-5 mm thicker at autopsy than during life. In comparison, the average thickness of the left ventricle is up to 8 mm in women and 9 mm in men on MRI, using the 95% prediction interval for the short axis images at the mid-cavity level.<br>- {{cite journal\|last1=Kawel\|first1=Nadine\|last2=Turkbey\|first2=Evrim B.\|last3=Carr\|first3=J. Jeffrey\|last4=Eng\|first4=John\|last5=Gomes\|first5=Antoinette S.\|last6=Hundley\|first6=W. Gregory\|last7=Johnson\|first7=Craig\|last8=Masri\|first8=Sofia C.\|last9=Prince\|first9=Martin R.\|last10=van der Geest\|first10=Rob J.\|last11=Lima\|first11=João A.C.\|last12=Bluemke\|first12=David A.\|title=Normal Left Ventricular Myocardial Thickness for Middle-Aged and Older Subjects With Steady-State Free Precession Cardiac Magnetic Resonance\|journal=Circulation: Cardiovascular Imaging\|volume=5\|issue=4\|year=2012\|pages=500–508\|issn=1941-9651\|doi=10.1161/CIRCIMAGING.112.973560}}</ref>
	<gallery heights=190 widths=350px>		<gallery heights=190 widths=350px>
	File:Gross pathology of papillary muscle infarction.jpg\|Circumferential slice of left ventricle, showing a fresh papillary muscle '''infarction'''.		File:Gross pathology of papillary muscle infarction.jpg\|Circumferential slice of left ventricle, showing a fresh papillary muscle '''infarction'''.

Mikael Häggström: Linked

2021-02-03T13:20:08Z

Linked

← Older revision		Revision as of 09:20, 3 February 2021
Line 41:		Line 41:

	==Weight==		==Weight==
	Cardiomegaly can be defined as a weight exceeding the 95th percentile of normal individuals, preferably adjusted for weight, size, age and gender.<ref>{{cite web\|url=https://labs.feinberg.northwestern.edu/webster/heart_weight/\|title=Chicago model for post-mortem classification of cardiomegaly\|website=Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine\|accessdate=2020-01-15}}</ref><ref group=notes>External link: [https://labs.feinberg.northwestern.edu/webster/heart_weight/ Chicago model for post-mortem classification of cardiomegaly], adjusted for weight, size, age and gender.</ref>		Cardiomegaly can be defined as a weight exceeding the 95th percentile of normal individuals, preferably adjusted for weight, size, age and gender.<ref>{{cite web\|url=https://labs.feinberg.northwestern.edu/webster/heart_weight/\|title=Chicago model for post-mortem classification of cardiomegaly\|website=Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine\|accessdate=2020-01-15}}</ref><ref name=chicago group=notes>External link: [https://labs.feinberg.northwestern.edu/webster/heart_weight/ Chicago model for post-mortem classification of cardiomegaly], adjusted for weight, size, age and gender.</ref>
	[[File:Weight of heart versus body.jpg\|thumb\|center\|Weight of heart versus body.<ref name="KumarLiestøl2014">{{cite journal\|last1=Kumar\|first1=Neena Theresa\|last2=Liestøl\|first2=Knut\|last3=Løberg\|first3=Else Marit\|last4=Reims\|first4=Henrik Mikael\|last5=Mæhlen\|first5=Jan\|title=Postmortem heart weight: relation to body size and effects of cardiovascular disease and cancer\|journal=Cardiovascular Pathology\|volume=23\|issue=1\|year=2014\|pages=5–11\|issn=10548807\|doi=10.1016/j.carpath.2013.09.001}}</ref>]]		[[File:Weight of heart versus body.jpg\|thumb\|center\|Weight of heart versus body.<ref name="KumarLiestøl2014">{{cite journal\|last1=Kumar\|first1=Neena Theresa\|last2=Liestøl\|first2=Knut\|last3=Løberg\|first3=Else Marit\|last4=Reims\|first4=Henrik Mikael\|last5=Mæhlen\|first5=Jan\|title=Postmortem heart weight: relation to body size and effects of cardiovascular disease and cancer\|journal=Cardiovascular Pathology\|volume=23\|issue=1\|year=2014\|pages=5–11\|issn=10548807\|doi=10.1016/j.carpath.2013.09.001}}</ref><ref name=chicago group=notes/>]]

	==Microscopic examination==		==Microscopic examination==

Mikael Häggström: /* Gross examination of coronary arteries */ Linked

2020-12-28T14:06:26Z

Gross examination of coronary arteries: Linked

← Older revision		Revision as of 10:06, 28 December 2020
Line 34:		Line 34:
	{{Moderate-begin}}If the coronary arteries are calcified, sharply dissect them from the heart, without cutting too deeply into the muscle. Fix them in formalin, decalcify them and then cut them at 3 mm intervals.{{Moderate-end}}		{{Moderate-begin}}If the coronary arteries are calcified, sharply dissect them from the heart, without cutting too deeply into the muscle. Fix them in formalin, decalcify them and then cut them at 3 mm intervals.{{Moderate-end}}

	Estimate the percentage of any significant stenosis or occlusion.		Estimate the percentage of any significant stenosis or occlusion. {{Further\|Arteries\|linebreak=no}}
	<gallery mode=packed>		<gallery mode=packed>
	File:Plaque at different degrees of atherosclerotic stenosis.jpg\|Plaque at different percentages of atherosclerotic stenosis.<ref name="MichaudBasso2019"/>		File:Plaque at different degrees of atherosclerotic stenosis.jpg\|Plaque at different percentages of atherosclerotic stenosis.<ref name="MichaudBasso2019"/>

Mikael Häggström: /* Microscopic examination */ +Myxomatious

2020-12-20T00:07:07Z

Microscopic examination: +Myxomatious

← Older revision		Revision as of 20:07, 19 December 2020
Line 62:		Line 62:
	<gallery>		<gallery>
	File:Histopathology of ruptured intercalated discs.jpg\|Ruptured intercalated discs. {{Further\|Ruptured intercalated discs\|linebreak=no}}		File:Histopathology of ruptured intercalated discs.jpg\|Ruptured intercalated discs. {{Further\|Ruptured intercalated discs\|linebreak=no}}
			File:Histopathology of mitral valve with myxomatous degeneration, annotated.jpg\|Myxomatous degeneration of valves.
	</gallery>		</gallery>
	*{{Moderate-begin}}Optionally, also perform a '''[[Heart#Basic_microscopic_screening\|General microscopic screening]]'''.{{Moderate-end}}		*{{Moderate-begin}}Optionally, also perform a '''[[Heart#Basic_microscopic_screening\|General microscopic screening]]'''.{{Moderate-end}}

Mikael Häggström: Corrected

2020-12-09T20:36:02Z

Corrected

← Older revision		Revision as of 16:36, 9 December 2020
Line 9:		Line 9:
	}}		}}
	In case of suspected infarction, see '''[[autopsy of myocardial infarction]]'''.		In case of suspected infarction, see '''[[autopsy of myocardial infarction]]'''.
	~~{\|class="wikitable" align="right"~~
	~~\|+ Left~~ ventricular ~~hyperthophy grading<br> by posterior~~ wall thickness<ref ~~name~~=~~"GolandCzer2008"~~>{{cite journal\|last1=Goland\|first1=Sorel\|last2=Czer\|first2=Lawrence S.C.\|last3=Kass\|first3=Robert M.\|last4=Siegel\|first4=Robert J.\|last5=Mirocha\|first5=James\|last6=De Robertis\|first6=Michele A.\|last7=Lee\|first7=Jason\|last8=Raissi\|first8=Sharo\|last9=Cheng\|first9=Wen\|last10=Fontana\|first10=Gregory\|last11=Trento\|first11=Alfredo\|title=Use of Cardiac Allografts With Mild and Moderate Left Ventricular Hypertrophy Can Be Safely Used in ~~Heart Transplantation to Expand~~ the ~~Donor Pool\|journal=Journal of the American College of Cardiology\|volume=51\|issue=12\|year=2008\|pages=1214–1220\|issn=07351097\|doi=10.1016/j.jacc.2007.11.052}}</ref>~~		For left ventricular wall thickness, an arbitrary limit of 15 mm is sometimes used to distinguish normal from wall thickening.<ref group=notes>The limit is different from those measured in life by medical imaging, because the left ventricular thicknesses are generally 3-5 mm thicker at autopsy than during life. In comparison, the average thickness of the left ventricle is up to 8 mm in women and 9 mm in men on MRI, using the 95% prediction interval for the short axis images at the mid-cavity level.<br>- {{cite journal\|last1=Kawel\|first1=Nadine\|last2=Turkbey\|first2=Evrim B.\|last3=Carr\|first3=J. Jeffrey\|last4=Eng\|first4=John\|last5=Gomes\|first5=Antoinette S.\|last6=Hundley\|first6=W. Gregory\|last7=Johnson\|first7=Craig\|last8=Masri\|first8=Sofia C.\|last9=Prince\|first9=Martin R.\|last10=van der Geest\|first10=Rob J.\|last11=Lima\|first11=João A.C.\|last12=Bluemke\|first12=David A.\|title=Normal Left Ventricular Myocardial Thickness for Middle-Aged and Older Subjects With Steady-State Free Precession Cardiac Magnetic Resonance\|journal=Circulation: Cardiovascular Imaging\|volume=5\|issue=4\|year=2012\|pages=500–508\|issn=1941-9651\|doi=10.1161/CIRCIMAGING.112.973560}}</ref>
	\|-
	~~\| Mild \|\| 12 to 13~~ mm
	\|-
	~~\| Moderate \|\| >13 to 17 mm~~
	\|-
	~~\| Severe \|\| >17 mm~~
	\|}
	~~The~~ average thickness of the left ventricle is up to 8 mm in women and 9 mm in men~~.<ref group="notes">The numbers for the average thickness of the left ventricle are~~ the 95% prediction interval for the short axis images at the mid-cavity level<~~/ref><ref name="KawelTurkbey2012"~~>{{cite journal\|last1=Kawel\|first1=Nadine\|last2=Turkbey\|first2=Evrim B.\|last3=Carr\|first3=J. Jeffrey\|last4=Eng\|first4=John\|last5=Gomes\|first5=Antoinette S.\|last6=Hundley\|first6=W. Gregory\|last7=Johnson\|first7=Craig\|last8=Masri\|first8=Sofia C.\|last9=Prince\|first9=Martin R.\|last10=van der Geest\|first10=Rob J.\|last11=Lima\|first11=João A.C.\|last12=Bluemke\|first12=David A.\|title=Normal Left Ventricular Myocardial Thickness for Middle-Aged and Older Subjects With Steady-State Free Precession Cardiac Magnetic Resonance\|journal=Circulation: Cardiovascular Imaging\|volume=5\|issue=4\|year=2012\|pages=500–508\|issn=1941-9651\|doi=10.1161/CIRCIMAGING.112.973560}}</ref>
	<gallery heights=190 widths=350px>		<gallery heights=190 widths=350px>
	File:Gross pathology of papillary muscle infarction.jpg\|Circumferential slice of left ventricle, showing a fresh papillary muscle '''infarction'''.		File:Gross pathology of papillary muscle infarction.jpg\|Circumferential slice of left ventricle, showing a fresh papillary muscle '''infarction'''.