Colorectal polyp

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Author: Mikael Häggström [note 1]

Gross examination

Further information: Colon

Tissue selection and trimming

File:Gross pathology of minimally invasive colorectal surgery of tubulovillous adenoma.jpg
There is a separate article for the Grossing of minimally invasive colorectal surgery.

Depending on sample format:[1]

  • Biopsies and polyps of <4 mm are embedded in their entirety. Samples less than 0.3 mm should be stained with eosin to avoid getting lost processing.
  • Polyps 4-8 mm with short stem or without stem: Identify the excision surface and divide the polyp longitudinally through the excision surface.
  • Polyps > 8 mm with a stem long enough to make it possible to take a transverse, whole slice from the stem closest to the excision surface: First, take a transverse slice through the peripheral portion of the stem, encompassing the entire circumference. Then take a 3-4 mm thick slice longitudinally through the polyp and the middle of the stem, after which the two remaining parts on either side are cut into equally thick slices, parallel to the previous slice.
  • Polyps >8 mm with short stem or without stem: Identify the excision surface and cut out a 3-4 mm thick disk that extends longitudinally through the center of the excision surface. Then divide the two remaining portions into equally thick slices, parallel to the previous slice.
  • Polyps that come in parts: Pick out the largest pieces, which are cut as similar as possible to above. Small fragments are sieved and embedded in a separate box.

Gross reporting

  • Polyp and/or fragment sizes
  • Presence or absence of stem of polyps

Example, for a gastrointestinal biopsy:

Labeled: "Sigmoid colon biopsy". The specimen is received in formalin and consists of 4 fragments of pink-tan tissue with a vaguely recognizable mucosal surface, mixed with food-like material. The fragments measure 0.2-0.3 cm in greatest dimension. The entire specimen is submitted for microscopic examination in one cassette.

Microscopic evaluation

Consider at least the following conditions:

File:Pie chart of colorectal polyp etiologies.png
Incidences and malignancy risks of various types of colorectal polyps.[2]
Colorectal adenoma
Type Risk of containing malignant cells Histopathology Image
Hyperplastic polyp 0%
  • Mucin-rich type: Serrated (“saw tooth”) appearance, containing glands with star-shaped lumina.[3] Crypts that are elongated but straight, narrow and hyperchromatic at the base. All crypts reach to the muscularis mucosae.[3]
  • Goblet cell-rich type: Elongated, fat crypts and little to no serration. Filled with goblet cells, extending to surface, which commonly has a tufted appearance.[3]
 File:Hyperplastic Polyp of the Rectum (14060044206).jpg
Tubular adenoma 2% at 1.5cm[4] Over 75% of volume has tubular appearance.[5]
Tubulovillous adenoma 20% to 25%[6] 25%-75% villous[5]
Villous adenoma 15%[7] to 40%[6] Over 75% villous[5]
Adenocarcinoma 100% File:Adenocarcinoma highly differentiated (rectum) H&E magn 400x.jpg Sessile serrated adenoma (SSA)[8]
  • Basal dilation of the crypts
  • Basal crypt serration
  • Crypts that run horizontal to the basement membrane (horizontal crypts)
  • Crypt branching.

Microscopy report

It should include:[9]

  • Size of polyp (from gross examination)
  • Histopathologic type
  • Depth of growth and/or infiltration
  • Whether the resection is radical

Optionally, it can include degree of differentiation and/or dysplasia.

Example:

50 mm large tubulovillous adenoma with up to high grade columnar epithelial dysplasia. No infiltration. Radical excision.
This example is Public Domain, and can be copied without any need for author attribution.

  See also: General notes on reporting


Notes

  1. ↑ For a full list of contributors, see article history. Creators of images are attributed at the image description pages, seen by clicking on the images. See Patholines:Authorship for details.

Main page

References

  1. ↑ Monica Dahlgren, Janne Malina, Anna Måsbäck, Otto Ljungberg (1997-02-13). Lilla utskärningen.
  2. ↑ References for pie chart are located at separate image description page.
  3. ↑ 3.0 3.1 3.2 Robert V Rouse (2010-01-31). Hyperplastic Polyp of the Colon and Rectum. Stanford University School of Medicine. Last updated 6/2/2015
  4. ↑ Minhhuyen Nguyen. Polyps of the Colon and Rectum. MSD Manual. Last full review/revision June 2019
  5. ↑ 5.0 5.1 5.2 Bosman, F. T. (2010). WHO classification of tumours of the digestive system . Lyon: International Agency for Research on Cancer. ISBN 92-832-2432-9. OCLC 688585784. 
  6. ↑ 6.0 6.1 Amersi, Farin; Agustin, Michelle; Ko, Clifford Y (2005). "Colorectal Cancer: Epidemiology, Risk Factors, and Health Services ". Clinics in Colon and Rectal Surgery 18 (03): 133–140. doi:10.1055/s-2005-916274. ISSN 1531-0043. 
  7. ↑ Alnoor Ramji. Villous Adenoma Follow-up. Medscape. Updated: Oct 24, 2016
  8. ↑ Rosty, C; Hewett, D. G.; Brown, I. S.; Leggett, B. A.; Whitehall, V. L. (2013). "Serrated polyps of the large intestine: Current understanding of diagnosis, pathogenesis, and clinical management ". Journal of Gastroenterology 48 (3): 287–302. doi:10.1007/s00535-012-0720-y. PMID 23208018. 
  9. ↑ Monica Dahlgren, Janne Malina, Anna Måsbäck, Otto Ljungberg. Stora utskärningen. KVAST (Swedish Society of Pathology). Retrieved on 2019-09-26.

Image sources


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